Dynamic provision of application related sponsored data connectivity

ABSTRACT

A Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF is configured to receive from a Policy Controller such as PCRF, over an interface such as Gx or Sd interface, a command related to a User Equipment UE, the command referring to a Sponsoring Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, the Sponsoring Context ID serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to be applied to application-related data traffic to be sponsored for the UE, the Sponsoring Context providing a list of data flows to be sponsored.

The present invention generally relates to communication networks and systems, in particular mobile communication networks and systems.

Descriptions of mobile networks and systems can be found in the literature, such as in particular in Technical Specifications published by standardization bodies such as for example 3GPP (3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project).

In general, in a mobile communication system, a terminal (also called User Equipment UE) has access to various application services via a mobile network (PMN). In particular, a terminal has access to IP-based application services via an IP-Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN). An example of IP-CAN is EPS (Evolved Packet System) network, specified in particular in 3GPP TS 23.401 and TS 23.402. An EPS network comprises EPC (Evolved Packet Core) that can be accessed by different Radio Access Networks (such as for example E-UTRAN).

Policy and Charging Control (PCC) functionality is specified in particular in 3GPP TS 23.203. PCC functions include in particular: PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function), PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement Function), TDF (Traffic Detection Function), AF (Application Function), SPR (Subscriber Profile Repository). Interfaces within PCC architecture include in particular: Gx interface between PCRF and PCEF, Rx interface between AF and PCRF, Sd interface between PCRF and TDF. An example of PCC architecture is recalled in FIG. 1 taken from 3GPP TS 23.203.

A feature called Sponsored Data Connectivity has been introduced in such systems. In particular, PCC usage for Sponsored Data Connectivity has been specified in 3GPP TS 23.203. As defined in particular in 3GPP TS 23.203, with sponsored data connectivity, the Sponsor has a business relationship with the operator and the Sponsor reimburses the operator for the user's data connectivity in order to allow the user access to an associated Application Service Provider's (ASP) services. An example of deployment for Sponsored Data Connectivity is recalled in FIG. 2 taken from 3GPP TS 23.203.

As recognized by the inventors and as will be described with more details later, there is a need to improve PCC usage for Sponsored Data Connectivity.

Embodiments of the present invention in particular address such needs.

These and other objects are achieved, in one aspect, by a Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF, configured to:

-   -   receive from a Policy Controller such as PCRF, over an interface         such as Gx or Sd interface, a command related to a User         Equipment UE, said command referring to a Sponsoring Context         Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said Sponsoring Context ID         serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to be applied         to application-related data traffic to be sponsored for said UE,         said Sponsoring Context providing a list of data flows to be         sponsored.

These and other objects are achieved, in another aspect, by a Policy Controller, such as PCRF, configured to:

-   -   send to a Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF, over         an interface such as Gx or Sd interface, a command related to a         User Equipment UE, said command referring to a Sponsoring         Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said Sponsoring         Context ID serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to         be applied to application-related data traffic to be sponsored         for said UE, said Sponsoring Context providing a list of data         flows to be sponsored.

These and other objects are achieved, in another aspect, by an application-related entity such as AF interfacing with a Policy Controller such as PCRF, over an interface such as Rx interface, said application-related entity configured to:

-   -   send to said Policy Controller a Sponsoring Context Identifier,         Sponsoring Context ID, for a user, said Sponsoring Context ID         serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to be applied         to application-related data traffic to be sponsored for said         user, said Sponsoring Context providing a list of data flows to         be sponsored.

These and other objects are achieved, in another aspect, by a Content Server, referred to as Sponsoring Context Repository, configured to:

-   -   provide a Sponsoring Context to be applied to         application-related data traffic to be sponsored for a User         Equipment UE, upon reception of a request including a Sponsoring         Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said Sponsoring         Context ID serving as a pointer to said Sponsoring Context         stored in said Sponsoring Context Repository, said Sponsoring         Context providing a list of data flows to be sponsored.

These and other objects are achieved, in another aspect, by a OAM equipment of a mobile network, configured to:

-   -   create in a content server, referred to as Sponsoring Context         Repository, a Sponsoring Context document, identified by a         Sponsoring Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said         Sponsoring Context ID serving as information to build an         identifier of a Sponsoring Context stored in said Sponsoring         Context document.

These and other objects are achieved, in another aspect, by method for dynamic provision of application related sponsored data connectivity, said method comprising at least one step performed by at least one of a thus configured: Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF, Policy Controller such as PCRF, application-related entity such as AF, content server referred to as Sponsoring Context Repository, OAM entity of a mobile network.

Some embodiments of apparatus and/or methods in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are now described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is intended to recall an example of PCC architecture,

FIG. 2 is intended to recall an example of deployment for Sponsored Data Connectivity,

FIG. 3 is intended to recall a signaling flow for IP-CAN session establishment,

FIG. 4 is intended to recall a signaling flow for IP-CAN session modification (PCRF initiated),

FIG. 5 is intended to illustrate an example of signaling flow, according to embodiments of the invention.

ABBREVIATIONS ADC Application Detection and Control AF Application Function APN Access Point Name EPC Evolved Packet Core EPS Evolved Packet System HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network MNO Mobile Network Operator OAM Operation And Maintenance PCC Policy and Charging Control PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function PGW PDN Gateway SPR Subscription Profile Repository TDF Traffic Detection Function UE User Equipment URL Uniform Resource Locator DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS AND/OR EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Following description of various aspects and/or embodiments of the invention will be made by way of example for the case of the usage of the Sponsoring Context ID in the case of a PGW (PCEF). However, as understood by the skilled person, embodiments of the invention are not limited to such case.

3GPP as part of a Study on sponsored data connectivity improvements (FS-SDCI, whose WID is in document SP-150627) is working on improvements of the Sponsored data connectivity topic. This study especially addresses the following: “This key issue shall study:

-   -   1. How to support a dynamic provisioning of Sponsored data flow         beyond layers 3 and 4 (e.g. URLs) from 3rd-party service         providers to operator networks.”

The Sponsored data connectivity feature has been specified as part of 3gpp Rel10 and is documented in 3GPP TS 23.203 (for example Annex N)

Note: in all this document the Third party may also correspond to an internal application of the operator.

One of the usages of sponsored data connectivity is the possibility for a Third party to sponsor advertisement. This kind of sponsoring would apply to a collection of users (possibly to all users).

The FS-SDCI study has thus following facets:

-   -   Allowing a 3^(rd) party to define the sponsored data flows not         only by specifying 5 T-uples¹ (as defined in current 3GPP TS         23.203) but by giving higher layer information such as a list of         sponsored URL     -   Avoiding overloading the Rx and Gx interfaces by repeating the         same list of sponsored URL over a Rx and a Gx Diameter session         set-up for each user (as defined in current 3GPP TS 23.203, the         list of sponsored data flows is explicitly provided over a Rx         and a Gx Diameter session set-up for each user)     -   Provide flexibility for the Third part capability to change the         list of sponsored flows     -   Allow the operator to control the feature. ¹ IP address and         ports

In some embodiments:

The QoS requirements sent by the policy controller (e.g. PCRF in EPC architecture defined in 3GPP TS 23.203) to the Policy enforcement Function (e.g. PCEF located in the PGW or in the BNG as defined in 3GPP TS 23.203 or TDF as defined in 3GPP TS 23.203) does not contain the list of flows to be sponsored but a pointer (actually an HTTP URL) to this list: the Sponsoring Context Id.

In some embodiments:

When the PCEF (PGW) or TDF receives a PCC/ADC rule referring to a Sponsoring context Id, it fetches the Sponsoring Context i.e. the list of flows that are sponsored (HTTP GET on the URL in the Sponsoring Context Id). As HTTP is used, caching techniques ensure that the PCEF/TDF does not need to fetch the list of flows that are sponsored for each user (Gx) session associated with an already known Sponsoring Context Id. The caching time may control how long the list of sponsored flows is valid

In some embodiments:

The Sponsoring Context may correspond to a list of

-   -   URL that are sponsored     -   Server name indication (SNI) as specified in IETF RFC 6066         -   SNI is an extension to the TLS protocol by which a client             indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at             the start of the TLS handshaking process. This allows a             server to present multiple certificates on the same IP             address and TCP port number and hence allows multiple secure             (HTTPS) websites (or any other Service over TLS) to be             served off the same IP address without requiring all those             sites to use the same certificate     -   . . .

In some embodiments:

The Sponsoring context Id may be dynamically passed from the 3rd party to the operator via Rx (in this case the 3rd party selects which UE will benefit from the sponsoring context) or statically configured in the PCRF (policy rules)(in that case the Sponsoring context Id applies to a collection of users, for example to the traffic of all users on a given APN or to the traffic of some user categories on an APN). Based on policy rules (and/or on information received on Rx) the PCRF decides whether to put a Sponsoring Context Id in the Gx(/Sd) commands sent to a PCEF(/TDF) about an UE and decides on the value of this Sponsoring Context Id.

In some embodiments:

The Content server (Sponsoring context Repository) that stores the Sponsoring Context (e.g. list of sponsored URL) belongs to the operator so is under control of the operator but the Third party may modify the list of sponsored flows as often as it desires based on its own business needs. This is to be controlled by business agreements between the operator and the Third party

FIG. 5 depicts an example of signaling flow for the case of the usage of the Sponsoring Context Id in the case of a PGW (PCEF).

In FIG. 5, the dotted lines correspond to optional interactions.

Following operations may be distinguished:

Off line operations (operations not related with an user activity)

In some embodiments, part or all of following steps may be provided:

-   0. The Third party and the operator (MNO) negotiate a sponsoring     agreement that is identified by a Sponsoring Context Id which is an     unique identifier (e.g. URL) that refers to the Sponsoring Context     i.e. to the actual list of Flows that the Third party is ready to     sponsor (i.e. the Sponsoring context).

The Sponsoring Context Id refers to a content server that is hosted by the (OAM of the) operator. This allows the operator to control the list of flows that Third party may sponsor.

-   1. The operator     -   a. Creates in the Sponsoring context Repository a Sponsoring         Context document identified by the Sponsoring Context Id.     -   b. May modify PCRF policies accordingly, e.g. may create policy         rules that associate an APN, an user category, a subscription         type, etc. . . . with one or more Sponsoring Context Id. -   2. The Third party updates the list of flows it is ready to sponsor     by e.g. adding/modifying/removing entries (URL, . . . ) in the     Sponsoring Context stored in the Sponsoring context Repository.     These operations are controlled by the operator OAM.

“on-line” operations (operations related with an user activity): actions at an IP-CAN Session Establishment

In some embodiments, part or all of following steps may be provided:

-   3. An UE sets up a PDN connection as described in FIG. 3     corresponding to 3GPP TS 23.203 FIGS. 7.2-1: “IP-CAN Session     Establishment”.     -   The PCEF/TDF request policies from the PCRF.     -   This is done via an indication of IP-CAN session establishment.         Steps 2 to 5 of FIG. 3 take place without modification -   4. (as part of step 7 of FIG. 3 in case of PCEF) Based on policy     rules the PCRF decides whether to put a Sponsoring Context Id in the     Gx(/Sd) commands to be sent to the PCEF(/TDF) about an UE and     decides on the value of this Sponsoring Context Id. For example for     this decision, the PCRF may use:     -   The APN of the target IPCAN session (in that case all UE are         associated with the same sponsoring context, e.g. corresponding         to ads).     -   An user category received from the SPR (Subscriber Policy         repository) as defined in 3GPP TS 23.203     -   Or any combination of these parameters     -   Or any other parameter -   5. The PCRF provides the PCEF/TDF with PCC/ADC rules.

In case of a PCEF as part of the PCRF acknowledgement of the IP-CAN session establishment (step 14 of FIG. 3) the PCRF may send PCC rules related with Sponsoring Context.

In case of a TDF as part of the TDF Session establishment request (step 8 of FIG. 3) the PCRF may send ADC rules related with Sponsoring Context

The Sponsoring Context Id may be provided in a PCC/ADC rule instead of an application ID. This allows associating flows identified by the Sponsoring Context Id with existing PCC information such as Rating Groups (charging), QoS, Usage monitoring, etc. . . .

-   6. When the PCEF or TDF receives a PCC/ADC rule referring to an     unknown Sponsoring context Id (i.e. a Sponsoring context Id that it     has not yet resolved), it fetches from the Sponsoring context     Repository the Sponsoring Context i.e. the list of flows that are     sponsored (HTTP GET on the URL in the Sponsoring Context Id). As     HTTP is used, caching techniques ensure that the PCEF/TDF does not     need to fetch the list of flows that are sponsored for each user     (Gx/Sd) session associated with an already known/resolved Sponsoring     Context Id. The caching time may control how long the list of     sponsored flows is valid. -   7. The PCEF/TDF starts applying the PCC/ADC rule (charging, QoS     control, usage monitoring, etc. . . . ) to the flows identified by     the Sponsoring context Id (whose identifiers have been received in     the Sponsoring Context). -   8. The IP-CAN Session Establishment is further processed as in steps     15 to 19 of FIG. 3:

“on-line” operations (operations related with an user activity): actions at an Rx request from the Third party application

In some embodiments, part or all of following steps may be provided:

-   9. The Third party application may decide to apply Sponsoring only     for some users. In that case it may provide the sponsoring context     Id to the PCRF over an Rx session (invoking step 1a of FIG. 4     corresponding to 3GPP TS 23.203 FIG. 7.5: IP-CAN Session     Modification; PCRF initiated). Steps 2 to 11 of FIG. 4 may take     place -   10. The PCRF provides the PCEF/TDF with updated PCC/ADC rules     -   The PCRF may send to the PCEF the Policy and Charging Rules         Provision as in Step 12 of FIG. 4. As part of this step the PCRF         may provide Sponsoring context Id as part of the PCC rule         information sent over Gx.     -   The PCRF may send to the TDF updated ADC rules as part of a Sd         session modification (as in step 5 of FIG. 4). As part of this         step the PCRF may provide Sponsoring context Id as part of the         ADC rule information sent over Sd -   11. The PCEF/TDF action is similar to that described at step 6 -   12. The PCEF/TDF action is similar to that described at step 7

Such mechanism in particular avoids the PCC chain (Rx, Gx/Sd) to have to pass long lists of URL that a Third party provider is ready to sponsor.

-   -   NOTE: The Sponsoring context Id passed over Gx/Sd does not need         to correspond to the full URL that the PCEF/TDF uses in step         6/11 to fetch the sponsoring Context.: The Sponsoring Context ID         may     -   either include a HTTP URL pointing to the Sponsoring Context     -   or include information to be used to build a HTTP URL pointing         to the Sponsoring Context. For example, the sponsoring context         Id is “OTT-x/sponsor-Ad” and the PCEF/TDF adds a fixed URL part         like “https://www.operator.com/sponsor-context/” to build the         final target         “https://www.operator.com/sponsor-context/OTT-x/sponsor-Ad”

Various aspects of the invention include (though not being limited to) following aspects.

One aspect of the invention is a Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF

Various embodiments may be provided, including (though not being limited to) following embodiments, which may be taken alone or in combination, according to various combinations.

In an embodiment, said Policy Enforcement Function is configured to:

-   -   receive from a Policy Controller such as PCRF, over an interface         such as Gx or Sd interface, a command related to a User         Equipment UE, said command referring to a Sponsoring Context         Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said Sponsoring Context ID         serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to be applied         to application-related data traffic to be sponsored for said UE,         said Sponsoring Context providing a list of data flows to be         sponsored.

In an embodiment, said Policy Enforcement Function is configured to:

-   -   fetch said Sponsoring Context from a content server referred to         as Sponsoring Context Repository, using said Sponsoring Context         ID as a pointer to said Sponsoring Context stored in said         Sponsoring Context Repository.

In an embodiment, said Policy Enforcement Function is configured to:

-   -   fetch said Sponsoring Context from a content server referred to         as Sponsoring Context Repository by sending to said content         server a HTTP request, such as HTTP GET, on an HTTP URL         corresponding to the content of said Sponsoring Context ID or         built using the content of said Sponsoring Context ID.

In an embodiment, said Policy Enforcement Function is configured to:

-   -   receive said Sponsoring Context ID with an associated policy         rule such as PCC or ADC rule.

In an embodiment, said Policy Enforcement Function is configured to:

-   -   receive said Sponsoring Context ID in a command acknowledging         establishment of an IP-CAN session establishment for said UE,         such as Acknowledge IP-CAN Session Establishment.

Another aspect of the invention is a Policy Controller, such as PCRF.

Various embodiments may be provided, including (though not being limited to) following embodiments, which may be taken alone or in combination, according to various combinations.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   send to a Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF, over         an interface such as Gx or Sd interface, a command related to a         User Equipment UE, said command referring to a Sponsoring         Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said Sponsoring         Context ID serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to         be applied to application-related data traffic to be sponsored         for said UE, said Sponsoring Context providing a list of data         flows to be sponsored.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   associate said Sponsoring Context ID with said UE, based on at         least one, or a combination of, parameters related to said UE         including:         -   An APN of an IP-CAN session,         -   A user category,         -   A subscription type.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   store policy rules associating said APN and/or user category         and/or subscription Type with one or more Sponsoring Context ID.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   send said Sponsoring Context ID to said Policy Enforcement         Function in a command acknowledging establishment of an IP-CAN         session for said UE, such as Acknowledge IP-CAN Session         Establishment.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   receive said Sponsoring Context ID from an application-related         entity such as an AF, over an interface such as a Rx interface.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   send said Sponsoring Context ID to said Policy Enforcement         Function in a command such as Policy and Charging Rules         Provision.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   send said Sponsoring Context ID to said Policy Enforcement         Function in a command such as Sd session modification.

In an embodiment, said Policy Controller is configured to:

-   -   send said Sponsoring Context ID to said Policy Enforcement         Function with an associated policy rule such as PCC or ADC rule.

In an embodiment:

-   -   said Sponsoring Context ID includes a HTTP URL pointing to said         Sponsoring Context or includes information to be used to build a         HTTP URL pointing to said Sponsoring Context.

Another aspect of the invention is an application-related entity such as AF interfacing with a Policy Controller such as PCRF, over an interface such as Rx interface.

Various embodiments may be provided, including (though not being limited to) following embodiments, which may be taken alone or in combination, according to various combinations.

In an embodiment, said application-related entity is configured to:

-   -   send to said Policy Controller a Sponsoring Context Identifier,         Sponsoring Context ID, for a user, said Sponsoring Context ID         serving as an identifier of a Sponsoring Context to be applied         to application-related data traffic to be sponsored for said         user, said Sponsoring Context providing a list of data flows to         be sponsored.

In an embodiment, said application-related entity is configured to:

-   -   invoke a session such as Rx session over said interface such as         Rx interface, for sending said Sponsoring Context ID to said         Policy Controller.

In an embodiment:

-   -   said Sponsoring Context ID includes a HTTP URL pointing to said         Sponsoring Context or includes information to be used to build a         HTTP URL pointing to said Sponsoring Context.

In an embodiment, said application-related entity is configured to:

-   -   update the content of the Sponsoring Context under control of         the OAM of the operator.

Another aspect of the invention is a Content Server, referred to as Sponsoring Context Repository.

Various embodiments may be provided, including (though not being limited to) following embodiments, which may be taken alone or in combination, according to various combinations.

In an embodiment, said Content Server is configured to:

-   -   provide a Sponsoring Context to be applied to         application-related data traffic to be sponsored for a User         Equipment UE, upon reception of a request including a Sponsoring         Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said Sponsoring         Context ID serving as a pointer to said Sponsoring Context         stored in said Sponsoring Context Repository, said Sponsoring         Context providing a list of data flows to be sponsored.

In an embodiment, said Content Server is configured to:

-   -   receive said request from a Policy Enforcement Function such as         PCEF or TDF.

In an embodiment, said Content Server is configured to:

-   -   said Sponsoring Context ID including information to build a HTTP         URL pointing to said Sponsoring Context, provide said Sponsoring         Context upon reception of a HTTP request, such as HTTP GET, on         said HTTP URL.

Another aspect of the invention is a OAM equipment of a mobile network.

Various embodiments may be provided, including (though not being limited to) following embodiment.

In an embodiment, said OAM equipment is configured to:

-   -   create in a content server, referred to as Sponsoring Context         Repository, a Sponsoring Context document, identified by a         Sponsoring Context Identifier, Sponsoring Context ID, said         Sponsoring Context ID serving as information to build an         identifier of a Sponsoring Context stored in said Sponsoring         Context document.

Another aspect of the invention is a method for dynamic provision of application related sponsored data connectivity, said method comprising at least one step performed by at least one of a thus configured: Policy Enforcement Function such as PCEF or TDF, Policy Controller such as PCRF, application-related entity such as AF, content server referred to as Sponsoring Context Repository, OAM entity of a mobile network.

Other possible embodiments than described above are also possible, e.g. where the Policy Controller is another entity than the PCRF of 4G-EPC such as the function of the 5G Core Network determining policies for the network or where the Policy Enforcement Function may be any entity enforcing policies to user plane traffic such as the PDN-GW-U and TDF-U defined in 3GPP TR 23.714 or the entity enforcing policies to user plane traffic in a 5G Core Network.

A person of skill in the art would readily recognize that steps of various above-described methods can be performed by programmed computers. Herein, some embodiments are also intended to cover program storage devices, e.g., digital data storage media, which are machine or computer readable and encode machine-executable or computer-executable programs of instructions, wherein said instructions perform some or all of the steps of said above-described methods. The program storage devices may be, e.g., digital memories, magnetic storage media such as a magnetic disks and magnetic tapes, hard drives, or optically readable digital data storage media. The embodiments are also intended to cover computers programmed to perform said steps of the above-described methods. 

1.-22. (canceled)
 23. A policy enforcement function apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the policy enforcement function apparatus at least to fetch, from a content server, a list of sponsored data flows defined by a third party service provider using a pointer to said list.
 24. The policy enforcement function apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the policy enforcement function apparatus at least to: fetch said list by sending to said content server a HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP, request on a HTTP Uniform Resource Locator, URL, pointing to said list.
 25. The policy enforcement function apparatus according to claim 23, wherein a caching time in said policy enforcement function apparatus controls how long said list is valid.
 26. The policy enforcement function apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the policy enforcement function apparatus at least to: apply a policy rule to the sponsored data flows defined in said list.
 27. The policy enforcement function apparatus, wherein the policy rule is a Policy and Charging Control, PCC, rule or Application Detection and Control, ADC, rule.
 28. A method comprising: fetching, from a content server, a list of sponsored data flows defined by a third party service provider using a pointer to said list.
 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the fetching fetches said list by sending to said content server a HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP, request on a HTTP Uniform Resource Locator, URL, pointing to said list.
 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein a caching time in a policy enforcement function apparatus controls how long said list is valid.
 31. The method according to claim 28, further comprising: a policy rule to the sponsored data flows defined in said list.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the policy rule is a Policy and Charging Control, PCC, rule or Application Detection and Control, ADC, rule. 